Celestino Alvarés

Brazilian agroecologist who pioneered sustainable farming practices in the Amazon basin

Celestino Alvarés (1915–1989) was a visionary Brazilian scientist whose work in agroecology laid the foundation for modern sustainable agriculture in the Amazon. Born in Pará state, he witnessed the destructive impact of rubber boom deforestation and cattle ranching. In 1943, he established the Amazon Agroecology Research Institute, developing crop rotation systems that combined native species like açaí with cash crops. His 1958 book 《The Living Forest Economy》 became a blueprint for permaculture, influencing global environmental policies. Alvarés’ UN Environment Programme-endorsed 'Agrofloresta' model prevented over 2 million hectares of deforestation by 1970. He trained indigenous communities in seed-saving techniques, creating networks like the Amazon Seed Guardians. His methodologies are now used in 15 countries, as highlighted in Nature Magazine. Despite his global impact, Alvarés remained a grassroots advocate, living among riverine communities until his death.