Menelik II

Emperor of Ethiopia who modernized the nation and preserved its independence against European colonialism.

Menelik II (1844–1913), ruler of Ethiopia from 1889 to 1913, is celebrated for his strategic brilliance in defending his nation’s sovereignty during the Scramble for Africa. His victory at the Battle of Adwa in 1896 against Italian forces marked the first time an African army defeated a European colonial power, ensuring Ethiopia’s independence.

Menelik initiated sweeping reforms: he abolished slavery, built railroads and telegraph lines, and introduced modern education. He established the first hospital, Menelik II Hospital, and invited foreign experts to train Ethiopians in engineering and medicine. His capital, Addis Ababa, became a symbol of progress, later hosting the UNESCO-listed St. George’s Cathedral.

Under his rule, Ethiopia adopted the first constitution in 1931 (posthumously influenced by his policies). Menelik’s legacy is immortalized in films like 《The Battle of Adwa》 (1999) and books such as 《Ethiopian Victory》. His leadership remains a cornerstone of Pan-African pride.