Nicolaus Steno

Pioneering geologist who established foundational principles of stratigraphy and paleontology

Nicolaus Steno (1638–1686), a Danish scientist and bishop, revolutionized Earth sciences with his Principle of Superposition and Law of Original Horizontality. His work laid the groundwork for modern geology despite living in an era dominated by biblical literalism.

While studying fossils in Tuscany, Steno deduced that sedimentary layers record chronological history, with older layers beneath newer ones. This insight contradicted prevailing beliefs about Earth's age and formation. His 1669 treatise De solido intra solidum became a cornerstone of stratigraphy, influencing later scientists like Charles Lyell and Charles Darwin.

Steno's interdisciplinary approach—combining anatomy, geology, and theology—exemplifies how questioning dogma can drive scientific progress. As noted by the Geological Society of London, his principles remain essential tools for interpreting Earth's history. His legacy bridges science and faith, showing how empirical observation can coexist with spiritual inquiry.