Paul Ehrlich

Pioneered chemotherapy and immunology, developing the first targeted treatment for syphilis.

Paul Ehrlich (1854–1915) was a German physician and scientist whose innovative work in immunology and chemotherapy revolutionized medicine. His concept of the 'magic bullet'—a drug targeting specific pathogens without harming the host—laid the groundwork for modern pharmacology.

Ehrlich's research on dyes led to the development of staining techniques for bacteria identification. Collaborating with Emil von Behring, he contributed to the creation of the diphtheria antitoxin, a milestone in serum therapy.

In 1908, he shared the Nobel Prize for his work on immunity. His most famous achievement was Salvarsan (arsphenamine), the first effective treatment for syphilis, developed in 1910. Salvarsan targeted the syphilis spirochete, embodying his 'magic bullet' theory.

Ehrlich also founded hematology, classifying blood cells and advancing understanding of anemia. His side-chain theory explained antibody formation, influencing immunology for decades.

Despite controversy over Salvarsan's side effects, Ehrlich's methodologies in drug development remain foundational. The Paul Ehrlich Institute continues his legacy in vaccine and drug safety research.