Francis Bacon

Father of empiricism who redefined scientific methodology, prioritizing observation over tradition

Francis Bacon (1561–1626), an English philosopher and statesman, revolutionized science with his advocacy for empirical methods in Novum Organum (1620). Rejecting Aristotelian deductive reasoning, Bacon proposed inductive reasoning—collecting data to formulate hypotheses—a cornerstone of the modern scientific method. His motto, "Knowledge is power," underscored his belief that science should improve human life.

Bacon's writings criticized the idolatry of tradition ("Idols of the Theatre") and advocated for systematic experimentation. Though his political career ended in disgrace, his philosophical works inspired the Royal Society's founding and thinkers like Isaac Newton. Bacon's vision of a collaborative, method-driven scientific community laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment.

Bacon also pioneered utopian literature with New Atlantis, envisioning a society governed by scientific inquiry. His emphasis on practicality and innovation reshaped academia, making him a pivotal figure in the transition from Renaissance mysticism to modern rationality.