Sigmund Freud

Founded psychoanalysis and transformed understanding of human psychology

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) created the first comprehensive theory of human consciousness through his development of psychoanalysis. His concepts like the unconscious mind, defense mechanisms, and Oedipus complex revolutionized psychology, literature, and popular culture.

Freud's 1899 The Interpretation of Dreams introduced groundbreaking ideas about dream symbolism and repressed desires. As noted by Freud Museum London, his 'talking cure' method laid foundation for modern psychotherapy. Despite controversy, Freudian concepts like id/ego/superego became fundamental to 20th-century thought.

Through case studies like Anna O and Wolf Man, Freud demonstrated how childhood experiences shape adult behavior. His theories influenced surrealists like Dalí and changed literary analysis through psychoanalytic criticism. Even critics like Karl Popper acknowledged Freud's impact on Western intellectual history.

Freud's radical ideas about sexuality (libido theory), death drive (Thanatos), and subconscious motivation created new frameworks for understanding human behavior. Though aspects have been revised, his work remains foundational in psychology and continues to inspire debates about human nature.